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(7 tussenliggende versies door dezelfde gebruiker niet weergegeven) |
Regel 1: |
Regel 1: |
| [[File:WWVB Antenna.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Antenne van tijdseinzender WWVB, Ft. Collins, Colorado, Verenigde Staten.]]
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| Vanaf [[1905]] worden er tijdsein signalen uitgezonden via de radio.<ref name="Burns04">{{citation|date=2005|title=Communications: an international history of the formative years|author1=R.W. Burns|publisher=IET|place=|isbn=0863413277}}</ref> Er zijn speciale tijdseinzenders over de hele wereld.
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|
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| Tijdseinzenders op de [[langegolf]] hebben zeer voorspelbare propagatie kenmerken, die een hoge zekerheid in de ontvangen tijdsignalen geeft. Stations op de [[kortegolf]] bereiken een groter gebied met een relatief laag vermogen, maar de wisselende afstand die het signaal reist verhoogt de onzekerheid van het tijdsignaal op een schaal van milliseconden. <ref name="EarthRotation">{{citation|date=2009|title=Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics|author1=Dennis D. McCarthy|author1=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=|isbn=352740780}}</ref>
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|
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| Tijdseinzenders zenden de tijd in zowel akoestische als in machine-leesbare tijdcode vorm uit. Dit kan worden gebruikt als referentie voor radio klokken en radiogestuurde horloges. <ref name="EarthRotation">{{citation|date=2009|title=Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics|author1=Dennis D. McCarthy|author2=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=|isbn=352740780}}</ref>
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| ==Tijdseinzenders op de langegolf==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! width="60pt"|Zender
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| ! width="25pt"|[[Lijst van ITU gebiedscodes|ITU]]
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| ! width="175pt"|Locatie
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| ! width="145pt"|Coördinaten
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| ! width="60pt"|Frequentie
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| ! width="60pt"|Vermogen
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| ! width="160pt"|Opmerking
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | BPC
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| | CHN
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| | Shangqiu City, Henan, China
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| | 68,5 kHz
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| | Ontvangers moeten een licentie hebben.<ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | [[DCF77]] <ref name="DCF77">http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77.html</ref><ref name="DCF77a">http://www.dcf77.de/</ref>
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| | D
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| | Mainflingen, Duitsland
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| | 50° 0′ 56″ N, 9° 0′ 39″ O
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| | 77,5 kHz
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| | 50 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | [[GBR (tijdseinzender)|GBZ]]
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| | G
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| | Rugby, Verenigd Koninkrijk
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| | 16,6 kHz
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| | Reserve voor GBR.
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | HBG <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| | SUI
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| | Prangins, Zwitserland
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| | 46° 24′ 30,2″ N, 6° 15′ 10,1″ O
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| | 75 kHz
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| | 20 kW
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| | Vanaf 1 januari 2012 buiten bedrijf.
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="2"|JJY <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref> <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| | rowspan="2"|J
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| | Fukushima, Japan
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| | 40 kHz
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| | 50 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | Fukuoka, Japan
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| | 60 kHz
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| | 50 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | MSF <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| | G
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| | Anthorn, Verenigd Koninkrijk
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| | 54.91°N, 3.28°W
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| | 60 kHz
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| | 15 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | OMA <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref><ref name="zcu">http://home.zcu.cz/~poupa/oma50.html</ref>
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| | CZE
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| | Podebray, Tjechië
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| | 50° 08' N, 15° 08' O
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| | 50 kHz
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| | 50 kW
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| | In bedrijf van april 1958 tot voorjaar 1995.
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | RTZ <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| | RUS
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| | Irkutsk, Rusland
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| | 52° 18' N, 104° 18' O
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| | 50 kHz
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| | 10 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | RBU <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
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| | RUS
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| | Moskou, Rusland
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| | 55° 19' N, 38° 41' O
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| | 66,66 kHz
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| | 10 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | WWVB <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref><ref name="WWVB">http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/wwvb.cfm</ref>
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| | USA
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| | Ft. Collins, Colorado, Verenigde Staten
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| | 40° 40' N, 105° 03' W
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| | 60 kHz
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| | 50 kW
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| |}
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|
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| ==Tijdseinzenders op de kortegolf==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! width="60pt"|Zender
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| ! width="25pt"|[[Lijst van ITU gebiedscodes|ITU]]
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| ! width="175pt"|Locatie
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| ! width="145pt"|Coördinaten
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| ! width="60pt"|Frequentie
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| ! width="60pt"|Vermogen
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| ! width="160pt"|Opmerking
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|ATA <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|IND
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| | rowspan="3"|New Dehli, India
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| | rowspan="3"|28° 34' N, 77° 19' O
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 8 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 8 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.000 kHz
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| | 8 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|BPM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|CHN
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| | rowspan="3"|Pucheng, China
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| | rowspan="3"|35° 00' N, 109° 31' O
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 10-20 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 10-20 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.000 kHz
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| | 10-20 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="2"|BSF <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | rowspan="2"|TWN
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| | rowspan="2"|Chung-Li, Taiwan
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| | rowspan="2"|
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.000 kHz
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|CHU <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|CAN
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| | rowspan="3"|Ottawa, Canada
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| | rowspan="3"|45° 18' N, 75° 45' W
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| | 3.330 kHz
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| | 3 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 7.335 kHz
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| | 10 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 14.670 kHz
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| | 3 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="2"|EBC <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="2"|E
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| | rowspan="2"|San Fernando, Spanje
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| | rowspan="2"|36° 28' N, 06° 12' W
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| | 6.840 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 12.008 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | FFH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | CHN
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| | Parijs, Frankrijk
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| | 48° 33' N, 02°34' O
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | HLA <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | KOR
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| | Taejon, Zuid-Korea
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | HD2IOA <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | EQA
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| | Guayaquil, Equador
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | IAM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | I
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| | Rome, Italië
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| | 41° 47' N, 12° 27' O
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | IBF <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | I
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| | Turijn, Italië
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| | 45° 02' N, 07° 46' O
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="4"|JJY <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="4"|J
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| | rowspan="4"|Tokio, Japan
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| | rowspan="4"|36° 11' N, 139° 51' O
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|LOL <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|ARG
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| | rowspan="3"|Buenos Aires, Argentinië
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| | rowspan="3"|34° 37' N, 58° 21' W
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.000 kHz
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| | 2 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|MSF <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|G
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| | rowspan="3"|Rugby, Verenigd Koninkrijk
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| | rowspan="3"|52° 22' N, 01° 11' W
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | OMA <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | CZE
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| | Praag, Tjechië
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| | 50° 07' N, 14° 35' O
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 1 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | PPE <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | B
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| | Rio de Janeiro, Brazilië
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | RCH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | UZB
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| | Tashkent, Oezbekistan
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| | 41° 19' N, 69° 15' O
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|RID <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|RUS
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| | rowspan="3"|Irkutsk, Rusland
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| | rowspan="3"|52° 46' N, 102° 39' O
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| | 5.004 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.004 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 15.004 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="2"|RIM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="2"|UZB
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| | rowspan="2"|Tashkent, Oezbekistan
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| | rowspan="2"|41° 19' N, 69° 15' O
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 10.000 kHz
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| | 1 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="3"|RWM <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
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| | rowspan="3"|RUS
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| | rowspan="3"|Moskou, Rusland
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| | rowspan="3"|55° 19' N, 38° 41' O
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| | 4.996 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 9.996 kHz
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| | 5 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 14.996 kHz
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| | 8 kW
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| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="5"|VNG <ref name="Klingenfuss2002">{{citation|date=2002|title=2002 Guide to Utility Radio Stations (20th Edition)|author1=J. Klingenfuss|author1=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=[http://www.klingenfuss.de Klingenfuss]|place=|isbn=3924509026}}</ref>
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| | rowspan="5"|AUS
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| | rowspan="5"|Shanes Park, NSW, Australië
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| | rowspan="5"|
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 5.000 kHz
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 8.638 kHz
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 12.984 kHz
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 16.000 kHz
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | rowspan="5"|WWVH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="5"|USA
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| | rowspan="5"|Fort Collins, Verenigde Staten
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| | rowspan="5"|40° 41' N, 105° 02' W
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| | 2.500 kHz
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| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
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| | 5.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 10.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 15.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 20.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | rowspan="4"|WWVH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
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| | rowspan="4"|USA
| |
| | rowspan="4"|Hawaii, Verenigde Staten
| |
| | rowspan="4"|21° 59' N, 159° 46' W
| |
| | 2.500 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 5.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 10.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 15.000 kHz
| |
| | 2,5 / 10 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | YVTO <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref>
| |
| | VEN
| |
| | Caracas, Venezuela
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| |
| |
| | 5.000 kHz
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | rowspan="3"|ZUO <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| |
| | rowspan="3"|AFS
| |
| | rowspan="3"|Pretoria, Zuid-Afrika
| |
| | rowspan="3"|24° 58' S, 28° 14' O
| |
| | 2.500 kHz
| |
| | 4 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 5.000 kHz
| |
| | 4 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |- style="vertical-align: top"
| |
| | 10.000 kHz
| |
| | 4 kW
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Referenties ==
| |
| <references/>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Naslag voor research== | | ==Naslag voor research== |