Bewerken van Gebruiker:Vincent/Kladblok/Tijdseinzender

[[File:WWVB Antenna.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Antenne van tijdseinzender WWVB, Ft. Collins, Colorado, Verenigde Staten.]]
'''Tijdseinzenders''' zenden de tijd in zowel akoestische als in machine-leesbare tijdcode vorm uit. Dit kan worden gebruikt als referentie voor radio klokken en radiogestuurde horloges. <ref name="EarthRotation">{{citation|date=2009|title=Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics|author1=Dennis D. McCarthy|author2=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=|isbn=352740780}}</ref> Met een betrekkelijk eenvoudige ontvanger is het mogelijk een radiografische klok te maken die synchroniseert met een tijdseinzender en hooguit enige tientallen milliseconden afwijkt. 

Tijdseinzenders op de [[langegolf]] hebben zeer voorspelbare propagatie kenmerken, die een hoge nauwkeurigheid in de ontvangen tijdsignalen geeft. Stations op de [[kortegolf]] bereiken een groter gebied met een relatief laag vermogen, maar de wisselende afstand die het signaal reist verhoogt de onzekerheid van het tijdsignaal op een schaal van milliseconden. <ref name="EarthRotation">{{citation|date=2009|title=Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics|author1=Dennis D. McCarthy|author1=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=|isbn=352740780}}</ref>

Sinds [[1905]] worden er tijdsein signalen uitgezonden via de radio.<ref name="Burns04">{{citation|date=2005|title=Communications: an international history of the formative years|author1=R.W. Burns|publisher=IET|place=|isbn=0863413277}}</ref> Er zijn speciale tijdseinzenders over de hele wereld.

==Tijdseinzenders op de langegolf==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="60pt"|Zender
! width="25pt"|[[Lijst van ITU gebiedscodes|ITU]]
! width="175pt"|Locatie
! width="145pt"|Coördinaten
! width="60pt"|Frequentie
! width="60pt"|Vermogen
! width="160pt"|Opmerking
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| BPC
| CHN
| Shangqiu City, Henan, China
| 
| 68,5 kHz
| 
| Ontvangers moeten een licentie hebben.<ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| [[DCF77]] <ref name="DCF77">http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77.html</ref><ref name="DCF77a">http://www.dcf77.de/</ref>
| D
| Mainflingen, Duitsland
| 50° 0′ 56″ N, 9° 0′ 39″ O
| 77,5 kHz
| 50 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| [[GBR (tijdseinzender)|GBZ]] 
| G
| Rugby, Verenigd Koninkrijk
| 
| 16,6 kHz
| 
| Reserve voor GBR.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| HBG <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
| SUI
| Prangins, Zwitserland
| 46° 24′ 30,2″ N, 6° 15′ 10,1″ O
| 75 kHz
| 20 kW
| Sinds 1 januari 2012 buiten bedrijf.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="2"|JJY <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref> <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
| rowspan="2"|J
| Fukushima, Japan
| 
| 40 kHz
| 50 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| Fukuoka, Japan
| 
| 60 kHz
| 50 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| MSF <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
| G
| Anthorn, Verenigd Koninkrijk
| 54.91°N, 3.28°W
| 60 kHz
| 15 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| OMA <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref><ref name="zcu">http://home.zcu.cz/~poupa/oma50.html</ref>
| CZE
| Podebray, Tjechië
| 50° 08' N, 15° 08' O
| 50 kHz
| 50 kW
| In bedrijf van april 1958 tot voorjaar 1995.
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| PPR <ref name="langwellen">{{citation|date=2000|title=Langwellen- und Längstwellenfunk|author1=Gerd Klawitter|author2=Klaus Herold|author3=Michael Oexner|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783896320438}}</ref> 
| B
| Rio de Janeiro
| 22° 59' S, 43° 11' W
| 432 kHz
| 10 kW
| Uitzendtijden (UTC): 01:30,14 ;30 en 21:30 uur
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| RTZ <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
| RUS
| Irkutsk, Rusland
| 52° 18' N, 104° 18' O
| 50 kHz
| 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| RBU <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref>
| RUS
| Moskou, Rusland
| 55° 19' N, 38° 41' O
| 66,66 kHz
| 10 kW
| 

|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="5"|UQC3 <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="5"|RUS
| rowspan="5"|Khabarovsk, Rusland
| rowspan="5"|48° 30' N 134° 51' O
| 20.5 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25,1 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25.5 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 23 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="5"|UTR3 <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="5"|RUS
| rowspan="5"|Gorki, Rusland
| rowspan="5"|56° 11' N 43° 58' O
| 20.5 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25,1 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 25.5 kHz
| 300 kW
|
|- style="vertical-align: top" 
| 23 kHz
| 300 kW
|

|- style="vertical-align: top"
| WWVB <ref name="RTS">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/lf-clocks/</ref><ref name="WWVB">http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/wwvb.cfm</ref>
| USA
| Ft. Collins, Colorado, Verenigde Staten
| 40° 40' N, 105° 03' W
| 60 kHz
| 50 kW
| 
|}

==Tijdseinzenders op de kortegolf==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="60pt"|Zender
! width="25pt"|[[Lijst van ITU gebiedscodes|ITU]]
! width="175pt"|Locatie
! width="145pt"|Coördinaten
! width="60pt"|Frequentie
! width="60pt"|Vermogen
! width="160pt"|Opmerking
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|ATA <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="3"|IND
| rowspan="3"|New Dehli, India
| rowspan="3"|28° 34' N, 77° 19' O
| 5.000 kHz
| 8 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 8 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 8 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|BPM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="3"|CHN
| rowspan="3"|Pucheng, China
| rowspan="3"|35° 00' N, 109° 31' O
| 5.000 kHz
| 10-20 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 10-20 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 10-20 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="2"|BSF <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| rowspan="2"|TWN
| rowspan="2"|Chung-Li, Taiwan
| rowspan="2"|
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|CHU <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| rowspan="3"|CAN
| rowspan="3"|Ottawa, Canada
| rowspan="3"|45° 18' N, 75° 45' W
| 3.330 kHz
| 3 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 7.335 kHz
| 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 14.670 kHz
| 3 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="2"|EBC <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="2"|E
| rowspan="2"|San Fernando, Spanje
| rowspan="2"|36° 28' N, 06° 12' W
| 6.840 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 12.008 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| FFH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| CHN
| Parijs, Frankrijk
| 48° 33' N, 02°34' O
| 2.500 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| HLA <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| KOR
| Taejon, Zuid-Korea
| 
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| HD2IOA <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| EQA
| Guayaquil, Equador
| 
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| IAM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| I
| Rome, Italië
| 41° 47' N, 12° 27' O
| 5.000 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| IBF <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| I
| Turijn, Italië
| 45° 02' N, 07° 46' O
| 5.000 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="4"|JJY <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="4"|J
| rowspan="4"|Tokio, Japan
| rowspan="4"|36° 11' N, 139° 51' O
| 2.500 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|LOL <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| rowspan="3"|ARG
| rowspan="3"|Buenos Aires, Argentinië
| rowspan="3"|34° 37' N, 58° 21' W
| 5.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 2 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|MSF <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="3"|G
| rowspan="3"|Rugby, Verenigd Koninkrijk
| rowspan="3"|52° 22' N, 01° 11' W
| 2.500 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| OMA <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| CZE
| Praag, Tjechië
| 50° 07' N, 14° 35' O
| 2.500 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| PPE <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| B
| Rio de Janeiro, Brazilië
| 
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| RCH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| UZB
| Tashkent, Oezbekistan
| 41° 19' N, 69° 15' O
| 2.500 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|RID <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="3"|RUS
| rowspan="3"|Irkutsk, Rusland
| rowspan="3"|52° 46' N, 102° 39' O
| 5.004 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.004 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.004 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="2"|RIM <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="2"|UZB
| rowspan="2"|Tashkent, Oezbekistan
| rowspan="2"|41° 19' N, 69° 15' O
| 5.000 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 1 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|RWM <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| rowspan="3"|RUS
| rowspan="3"|Moskou, Rusland
| rowspan="3"|55° 19' N, 38° 41' O
| 4.996 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 9.996 kHz
| 5 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 14.996 kHz
| 8 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="5"|VNG <ref name="Klingenfuss2002">{{citation|date=2002|title=2002 Guide to Utility Radio Stations (20th Edition)|author1=J. Klingenfuss|author1=P. Kenneth Seidelmann|publisher=[http://www.klingenfuss.de Klingenfuss]|place=|isbn=3924509026}}</ref>
| rowspan="5"|AUS
| rowspan="5"|Shanes Park, NSW, Australië
| rowspan="5"|
| 2.500 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 8.638 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 12.984 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 16.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="5"|WWVH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="5"|USA
| rowspan="5"|Fort Collins, Verenigde Staten
| rowspan="5"|40° 41' N, 105° 02' W
| 2.500 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 20.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="4"|WWVH <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="4"|USA
| rowspan="4"|Hawaii, Verenigde Staten
| rowspan="4"|21° 59' N, 159° 46' W
| 2.500 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 15.000 kHz
| 2,5 / 10 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| YVTO <ref name="Spezial Frequenzliste">{{citation|date=2011|title=Spezial Frequenzliste 2011/12|author1=Michael Marten|publisher=Siebel Verlag|isbn=9783881806923}}</ref> 
| VEN
| Caracas, Venezuela
| 
| 5.000 kHz
| 
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| rowspan="3"|ZUO <ref name="heret">http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm</ref>
| rowspan="3"|AFS
| rowspan="3"|Pretoria, Zuid-Afrika
| rowspan="3"|24° 58' S, 28° 14' O
| 2.500 kHz
| 4 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 5.000 kHz
| 4 kW
| 
|- style="vertical-align: top"
| 10.000 kHz
| 4 kW
| 
|}

== Referenties ==
<references/>

==Naslag voor research==
'''Algemeen'''
*[http://www.heret.de/funkuhr/liste.htm Lijst met tijdzenders]


'''MSF'''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSF_time_signal MSF Time Signal (Engels)]
*[http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/products-and-services/msf-radio-time-signal MSF site]
*[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/r/rugby_radio/indexr69.shtml Rugby]
*[http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/MSF_Time_Date_Code.pdf Time Date Code]


'''VNG'''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_VNG VNG Australië]


'''WWVB'''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWVB WWVB]